Database Administration

August 1, 2023About 10 min

Database Administration

IoTDB provides users with account privilege management operations, so as to ensure data security.

We will show you basic user privilege management operations through the following specific examples. Detailed SQL syntax and usage details can be found in SQL Documentation. At the same time, in the JAVA programming environment, you can use the Java JDBC to execute privilege management statements in a single or batch mode.

Basic Concepts

User

The user is the legal user of the database. A user corresponds to a unique username and has a password as a means of authentication. Before using a database, a person must first provide a legitimate username and password to make himself/herself a user.

Privilege

The database provides a variety of operations, and not all users can perform all operations. If a user can perform an operation, the user is said to have the privilege to perform the operation. privileges are divided into data management privilege (such as adding, deleting and modifying data) and authority management privilege (such as creation and deletion of users and roles, granting and revoking of privileges, etc.). Data management privilege often needs a path to limit its effective range. It is flexible that using path pattern to manage privileges.

Role

A role is a set of privileges and has a unique role name as an identifier. A user usually corresponds to a real identity (such as a traffic dispatcher), while a real identity may correspond to multiple users. These users with the same real identity tend to have the same privileges. Roles are abstractions that can unify the management of such privileges.

Default User

There is a default user in IoTDB after the initial installation: root, and the default password is root. This user is an administrator user, who cannot be deleted and has all the privileges. Neither can new privileges be granted to the root user nor can privileges owned by the root user be deleted.

Privilege Management Operation Examples

According to the sample data, the sample data of IoTDB might belong to different power generation groups such as ln, sgcc, etc. Different power generation groups do not want others to obtain their own database data, so we need to have data privilege isolated at the group layer.

Create User

We use CREATE USER <userName> <password> to create users. For example, we can use root user who has all privileges to create two users for ln and sgcc groups, named ln_write_user and sgcc_write_user, with both passwords being write_pwd. It is recommended to wrap the username in backtick(`). The SQL statement is:

CREATE USER `ln_write_user` 'write_pwd'
CREATE USER `sgcc_write_user` 'write_pwd'

Then use the following SQL statement to show the user:

LIST USER

As can be seen from the result shown below, the two users have been created:

IoTDB> CREATE USER `ln_write_user` 'write_pwd'
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
IoTDB> CREATE USER `sgcc_write_user` 'write_pwd'
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
IoTDB> LIST USER
+---------------+
|           user|
+---------------+
|  ln_write_user|
|           root|
|sgcc_write_user|
+---------------+
Total line number = 3
It costs 0.157s

Grant User Privilege

At this point, although two users have been created, they do not have any privileges, so they can not operate on the database. For example, we use ln_write_user to write data in the database, the SQL statement is:

INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) values(1509465600000,true)

The SQL statement will not be executed and the corresponding error prompt is given as follows:

IoTDB> INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) values(1509465600000,true)
Msg: 602: No permissions for this operation, please add privilege INSERT_TIMESERIES.

Now, we use root user to grant the two users write privileges to the corresponding databases.

We use GRANT USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName> to grant user privileges(ps: grant create user does not need path). For example:

GRANT USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**
GRANT USER `sgcc_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.sgcc1.**, root.sgcc2.**
GRANT USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES CREATE_USER

The execution result is as follows:

IoTDB> GRANT USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
IoTDB> GRANT USER `sgcc_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.sgcc1.**, root.sgcc2.**
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
IoTDB> GRANT USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES CREATE_USER
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.

Next, use ln_write_user to try to write data again.

IoTDB> INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp, status) values(1509465600000, true)
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.

Revoker User Privilege

After granting user privileges, we could use REVOKE USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName> to revoke the granted user privileges(ps: revoke create user does not need path). For example, use root user to revoke the privilege of ln_write_user and sgcc_write_user:

REVOKE USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**
REVOKE USER `sgcc_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.sgcc1.**, root.sgcc2.**
REVOKE USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES CREATE_USER

The execution result is as follows:

REVOKE USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
REVOKE USER `sgcc_write_user` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES on root.sgcc1.**, root.sgcc2.**
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.
REVOKE USER `ln_write_user` PRIVILEGES CREATE_USER
Msg: The statement is executed successfully.

After revoking, ln_write_user has no permission to writing data to root.ln.**

INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp, status) values(1509465600000, true)
Msg: 602: No permissions for this operation, please add privilege INSERT_TIMESERIES.

SQL Statements

Here are all related SQL statements:

Create User

CREATE USER <userName> <password>;  
Eg: IoTDB > CREATE USER `thulab` 'pwd';

Delete User

DROP USER <userName>;  
Eg: IoTDB > DROP USER `xiaoming`;

Create Role

CREATE ROLE <roleName>;  
Eg: IoTDB > CREATE ROLE `admin`;

Delete Role

DROP ROLE <roleName>;  
Eg: IoTDB > DROP ROLE `admin`;

Grant User Privileges

GRANT USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeNames>;  
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES, DELETE_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**, root.sgcc.**;
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES CREATE_ROLE;

Grant User All Privileges

GRANT USER <userName> PRIVILEGES ALL; 
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES ALL;

Grant Role Privileges

GRANT ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeNames>;  
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES INSERT_TIMESERIES, DELETE_TIMESERIES ON root.sgcc.**, root.ln.**;
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES CREATE_ROLE;

Grant Role All Privileges

GRANT ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES ALL ON <nodeNames>;  
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES ALL;

Grant User Role

GRANT <roleName> TO <userName>;  
Eg: IoTDB > GRANT `temprole` TO tempuser;

Revoke User Privileges

REVOKE USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeNames>;   
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES DELETE_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**;
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES CREATE_ROLE;

Revoke User All Privileges

REVOKE USER <userName> PRIVILEGES ALL; 
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE USER `tempuser` PRIVILEGES ALL;

Revoke Role Privileges

REVOKE ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeNames>;  
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES DELETE_TIMESERIES ON root.ln.**;
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES CREATE_ROLE;

Revoke All Role Privileges

REVOKE ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES ALL;  
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE ROLE `temprole` PRIVILEGES ALL;

Revoke Role From User

REVOKE <roleName> FROM <userName>;
Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE `temprole` FROM tempuser;

List Users

LIST USER
Eg: IoTDB > LIST USER

List User of Specific Role

LIST USER OF ROLE <roleName>;
Eg: IoTDB > LIST USER OF ROLE `roleuser`;

List Roles

LIST ROLE
Eg: IoTDB > LIST ROLE

List Roles of Specific User

LIST ROLE OF USER <username> ;  
Eg: IoTDB > LIST ROLE OF USER `tempuser`;

List All Privileges of Users

LIST PRIVILEGES USER <username> ;   
Eg: IoTDB > LIST PRIVILEGES USER `tempuser`;

List Related Privileges of Users(On Specific Paths)

LIST PRIVILEGES USER <username> ON <paths>;
Eg: IoTDB> LIST PRIVILEGES USER `tempuser` ON root.ln.**, root.ln.wf01.**;
+--------+-----------------------------------+
|    role|                          privilege|
+--------+-----------------------------------+
|        |      root.ln.** : ALTER_TIMESERIES|
|temprole|root.ln.wf01.** : CREATE_TIMESERIES|
+--------+-----------------------------------+
Total line number = 2
It costs 0.005s
IoTDB> LIST PRIVILEGES USER `tempuser` ON root.ln.wf01.wt01.**;
+--------+-----------------------------------+
|    role|                          privilege|
+--------+-----------------------------------+
|        |      root.ln.** : ALTER_TIMESERIES|
|temprole|root.ln.wf01.** : CREATE_TIMESERIES|
+--------+-----------------------------------+
Total line number = 2
It costs 0.005s

List All Privileges of Roles

LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE <roleName>
Eg: IoTDB > LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE `actor`;

List Related Privileges of Roles(On Specific Paths)

LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE <roleName> ON <paths>;    
Eg: IoTDB> LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE `temprole` ON root.ln.**, root.ln.wf01.wt01.**;
+-----------------------------------+
|                          privilege|
+-----------------------------------+
|root.ln.wf01.** : CREATE_TIMESERIES|
+-----------------------------------+
Total line number = 1
It costs 0.005s
IoTDB> LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE `temprole` ON root.ln.wf01.wt01.**;
+-----------------------------------+
|                          privilege|
+-----------------------------------+
|root.ln.wf01.** : CREATE_TIMESERIES|
+-----------------------------------+
Total line number = 1
It costs 0.005s

Alter Password

ALTER USER <username> SET PASSWORD <password>;
Eg: IoTDB > ALTER USER `tempuser` SET PASSWORD 'newpwd';

Other Instructions

The Relationship among Users, Privileges and Roles

A Role is a set of privileges, and privileges and roles are both attributes of users. That is, a role can have several privileges and a user can have several roles and privileges (called the user's own privileges).

At present, there is no conflicting privilege in IoTDB, so the real privileges of a user is the union of the user's own privileges and the privileges of the user's roles. That is to say, to determine whether a user can perform an operation, it depends on whether one of the user's own privileges or the privileges of the user's roles permits the operation. The user's own privileges and privileges of the user's roles may overlap, but it does not matter.

It should be noted that if users have a privilege (corresponding to operation A) themselves and their roles contain the same privilege, then revoking the privilege from the users themselves alone can not prohibit the users from performing operation A, since it is necessary to revoke the privilege from the role, or revoke the role from the user. Similarly, revoking the privilege from the users's roles alone can not prohibit the users from performing operation A.

At the same time, changes to roles are immediately reflected on all users who own the roles. For example, adding certain privileges to roles will immediately give all users who own the roles corresponding privileges, and deleting certain privileges will also deprive the corresponding users of the privileges (unless the users themselves have the privileges).

List of Privileges Included in the System

privilege Name	Interpretation	Example
CREATE_DATABASE	create database; set/unset database ttl; path dependent	Eg1: `CREATE DATABASE root.ln;` Eg2:`set ttl to root.ln 3600000;` Eg3:`unset ttl to root.ln;`
DELETE_DATABASE	delete databases; path dependent	Eg: `delete database root.ln;`
CREATE_TIMESERIES	create timeseries; path dependent	Eg1: create timeseries `create timeseries root.ln.wf02.status with datatype=BOOLEAN,encoding=PLAIN;` Eg2: create aligned timeseries `create aligned timeseries root.ln.device1(latitude FLOAT encoding=PLAIN compressor=SNAPPY, longitude FLOAT encoding=PLAIN compressor=SNAPPY);`
INSERT_TIMESERIES	insert data; path dependent	Eg1: `insert into root.ln.wf02(timestamp,status) values(1,true);` Eg2: `insert into root.sg1.d1(time, s1, s2) aligned values(1, 1, 1)`
ALTER_TIMESERIES	alter timeseries; path dependent	Eg1: `alter timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 ADD TAGS tag3=v3, tag4=v4;` Eg2: `ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 UPSERT ALIAS=newAlias TAGS(tag2=newV2, tag3=v3) ATTRIBUTES(attr3=v3, attr4=v4);`
READ_TIMESERIES	query data; path dependent	Eg1: `SHOW DATABASES;` Eg2: `show child paths root.ln, show child nodes root.ln;` Eg3: `show devices;` Eg4: `show timeseries root.*;` Eg5: `show schema templates;` Eg6: `show all ttl` Eg7: Query-Data（The query statements under this section all use this permission） Eg8: CVS format data export `./export-csv.bat -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6667 -u tempuser -pw root -td ./` Eg9: Performance Tracing Tool `tracing select from root.*` Eg10: UDF-Query `select example() from root.sg.d1` Eg11: Triggers-Query `show triggers` Eg12: Count-Query `count devices`
DELETE_TIMESERIES	delete data or timeseries; path dependent	Eg1: delete timeseries `delete timeseries root.ln.wf01.wt01.status` Eg2: delete data `delete from root.ln.wf02.wt02.status where time < 10` Eg3: use drop semantic `drop timeseries root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
CREATE_USER	create users; path independent	Eg: `create user thulab 'passwd';`
DELETE_USER	delete users; path independent	Eg: `drop user xiaoming;`
MODIFY_PASSWORD	modify passwords for all users; path independent; (Those who do not have this privilege can still change their own asswords. )	Eg: `alter user tempuser SET PASSWORD 'newpwd';`
LIST_USER	list all users; list all user of specific role; list a user's related privileges on speciific paths; path independent	Eg1: `list user;` Eg2: `list user of role 'wirte_role';` Eg3: `list privileges user admin;` Eg4: `list privileges user 'admin' on root.sgcc.**;`
GRANT_USER_PRIVILEGE	grant user privileges; path independent	Eg: `grant user tempuser privileges DELETE_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**;`
REVOKE_USER_PRIVILEGE	revoke user privileges; path independent	Eg: `revoke user tempuser privileges DELETE_TIMESERIES on root.ln.**;`
GRANT_USER_ROLE	grant user roles; path independent	Eg: `grant temprole to tempuser;`
REVOKE_USER_ROLE	revoke user roles; path independent	Eg: `revoke temprole from tempuser;`
CREATE_ROLE	create roles; path independent	Eg: `create role admin;`
DELETE_ROLE	delete roles; path independent	Eg: `drop role admin;`
LIST_ROLE	list all roles; list all roles of specific user; list a role's related privileges on speciific paths; path independent	Eg1: `list role` Eg2: `list role of user 'actor';` Eg3: `list privileges role wirte_role;` Eg4: `list privileges role wirte_role ON root.sgcc;`
GRANT_ROLE_PRIVILEGE	grant role privileges; path independent	Eg: `grant role temprole privileges DELETE_TIMESERIES ON root.ln.**;`
REVOKE_ROLE_PRIVILEGE	revoke role privileges; path independent	Eg: `revoke role temprole privileges DELETE_TIMESERIES ON root.ln.**;`
CREATE_FUNCTION	register UDFs; path independent	Eg: `create function example AS 'org.apache.iotdb.udf.UDTFExample';`
DROP_FUNCTION	deregister UDFs; path independent	Eg: `drop function example`
CREATE_TRIGGER	create triggers; path dependent	Eg1: `CREATE TRIGGER <TRIGGER-NAME> BEFORE INSERT ON <FULL-PATH> AS <CLASSNAME>` Eg2: `CREATE TRIGGER <TRIGGER-NAME> AFTER INSERT ON <FULL-PATH> AS <CLASSNAME>`
DROP_TRIGGER	drop triggers; path dependent	Eg: `drop trigger 'alert-listener-sg1d1s1'`
CREATE_CONTINUOUS_QUERY	create continuous queries; path independent	Eg: `CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq1 RESAMPLE RANGE 40s BEGIN <QUERY-BODY> END`
DROP_CONTINUOUS_QUERY	drop continuous queries; path independent	Eg1: `DROP CONTINUOUS QUERY cq3` Eg2: `DROP CQ cq3`
SHOW_CONTINUOUS_QUERIES	show continuous queries; path independent	Eg1: `SHOW CONTINUOUS QUERIES` Eg2: `SHOW cqs`
UPDATE_TEMPLATE	create and drop schema template; path independent	Eg1: `create schema template t1(s1 int32)` Eg2: `drop schema template t1`
READ_TEMPLATE	show schema templates and show nodes in schema template; path independent	Eg1: `show schema templates` Eg2: `show nodes in template t1`
APPLY_TEMPLATE	set, unset and activate schema template; path dependent	Eg1: `set schema template t1 to root.sg.d` Eg2: `unset schema template t1 from root.sg.d` Eg3: `create timeseries of schema template on root.sg.d` Eg4: `delete timeseries of schema template on root.sg.d`
READ_TEMPLATE_APPLICATION	show paths set and using schema template; path independent	Eg1: `show paths set schema template t1` Eg2: `show paths using schema template t1`

Note that path dependent privileges can only be granted or revoked on root.**;

Note that the following SQL statements need to be granted multiple permissions before they can be used：

Import data: Need to assign READ_TIMESERIES，INSERT_TIMESERIES two permissions.。

Eg: IoTDB > ./import-csv.bat -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6667 -u renyuhua -pw root -f dump0.csv

Query Write-back (SELECT INTO)
- READ_TIMESERIES permission of source sequence in all select clauses is required
INSERT_TIMESERIES permission of target sequence in all into clauses is required

Eg: IoTDB > select s1, s1 into t1, t2 from root.sg.d1 limit 5 offset 1000

Username Restrictions

IoTDB specifies that the character length of a username should not be less than 4, and the username cannot contain spaces.

Password Restrictions

IoTDB specifies that the character length of a password should have no less than 4 character length, and no spaces. The password is encrypted with MD5.

Role Name Restrictions

IoTDB specifies that the character length of a role name should have no less than 4 character length, and no spaces.

Path pattern in Administration Management

A path pattern's result set contains all the elements of its sub pattern's result set. For example, root.sg.d.* is a sub pattern of root.sg.*.*, while root.sg.** is not a sub pattern of root.sg.*.*. When a user is granted privilege on a pattern, the pattern used in his DDL or DML must be a sub pattern of the privilege pattern, which guarantees that the user won't access the timeseries exceed his privilege scope.

Permission cache

In distributed related permission operations, when changing permissions other than creating users and roles, all the cache information of dataNode related to the user (role) will be cleared first. If any dataNode cache information is clear and fails, the permission change task will fail.

Operations restricted by non root users

At present, the following SQL statements supported by iotdb can only be operated by the root user, and no corresponding permission can be given to the new user.

TsFile Management

Load TsFiles

Eg: IoTDB > load '/Users/Desktop/data/1575028885956-101-0.tsfile'

remove a tsfile

Eg: IoTDB > remove '/Users/Desktop/data/data/root.vehicle/0/0/1575028885956-101-0.tsfile'

unload a tsfile and move it to a target directory

Eg: IoTDB > unload '/Users/Desktop/data/data/root.vehicle/0/0/1575028885956-101-0.tsfile' '/data/data/tmp'

Delete Time Partition (experimental)

Eg: IoTDB > DELETE PARTITION root.ln 0,1,2

Continuous Query,CQ

Eg: IoTDB > CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq1 BEGIN SELECT max_value(temperature) INTO temperature_max FROM root.ln.*.* GROUP BY time(10s) END

Maintenance Command

FLUSH

Eg: IoTDB > flush

MERGE

Eg: IoTDB > MERGE
Eg: IoTDB > FULL MERGE

CLEAR CACHE

Eg: IoTDB > CLEAR CACHE

SET SYSTEM TO READONLY / WRITABLE

Eg: IoTDB > SET SYSTEM TO READONLY / WRITABLE

Query abort

Eg: IoTDB > KILL QUERY 1

Watermark Tool

Watermark new users

Eg: IoTDB > grant watermark_embedding to Alice

Watermark Detection

Eg: IoTDB > revoke watermark_embedding from Alice